黄沙鳖β-防御素基因克隆及其表达分析

[目的]明确β-防御素在黄沙鳖先天免疫中的潜在作用,为开展黄沙鳖绿色病害防治及促进其养殖业健康发展打下基础.[方法]运用RACE克隆黄沙鳖β-防御素基因(Hs-BD1)cDNA序列,采用SignalP-5.0、PredictProtein、PSIPRED、Robetta和Clustal X等在线软件进行生物信息学分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖不同组织中的表达特征及细菌感染前后的表达变化.[结果]Hs-BD1基因cDNA序列全长493 bp,包括72 bp的5'非编码区(5'-UTR)、201 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)及220 bp的3'非编码区(3'-UTR).Hs-BD1基因编码66个氨基酸残基,包括22个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽区、3个氨基酸残基组成的前肽区和41个氨基酸组成的成熟肽区.其中,成熟肽区具有6个保守的半胱氨酸残基(31Cys、58Cys、38Cys、52Cys、42Cys和59Cys)及位于C1和C2间的甘氨酸残基(Gly),即Hs-BD1基因属于β-防御素家族.Hs-BD1氨基酸序列与中华鳖β-防御素16的相似性最高(93.9%),基于β-防御素序列相似性构建的系统发育进化树也显示黄沙鳖与中华鳖和西部锦龟聚为一支,其亲缘关系相对较近.6个保守的半胱氨酸残基分别以C1-C5、C2-C4和C3-C6的连接方式形成3个二硫键;Hs-BD1成熟蛋白三级结构是由α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲组成.Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏中的相对表达量较高,在心脏、肠道、肌肉、脑组织和表皮中的相对表达量均较低;以温和气单胞菌攻毒后,Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖脾脏中的相对表达量呈上升—下降—上升—下降的变化趋势,在攻毒后第3和36 h共出现2个表达峰值,对应的相对表达量分别是攻毒前(0 h)的20.8和10.6倍,差异均极显著(P<0.01).[结论]Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖的多个组织中均有表达,尤其在肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏中的相对表达量较高,且可被温和气单胞菌感染诱导表达,说明Hs-BD1基因在黄沙鳖抵抗病原感染的过程中发挥调控作用.     

免疫层析技术及应用的研究进展

免疫层析技术是一类以纳米级标记物探针作为示踪和标记物的检测技术。此类技术除了具有操作简易、反应迅速和时耗较短等特点外,还兼具低成本和高特异性,尤其适用于临场检测。免疫层析技术的发展随着时代需求也在不断加速和更新,现以经典的胶体金免疫层析技术为基础,综述时间分辨与镧系元素荧光免疫层析、荧光微球免疫层析、量子点免疫层析、纳米模拟酶免疫层析及结合新技术的免疫层析的原理、研究进展和临床应用,并对免疫层析技术的未来发展做出展望。     

单端孢霉烯族毒素生物脱毒技术研究进展

单端孢霉烯族毒素在粮食和饲料中污染严重,主要是T-2毒素和脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇(DON)等,其毒性作用强,对人和动物产生严重危害。因此,单端孢霉烯族毒素的脱毒方式逐渐成为研究热点,尤其是生物脱毒。很多微生物被证实能够降解霉菌毒素,包括细菌、真菌和酵母菌,可将毒素降解成低毒或无毒的产物。论文以生物脱毒为出发点,从细菌、真菌和酵母菌三个角度概述了单端孢霉烯族毒素中T-2毒素和DON的脱毒研究现状,以期为后续开发并挖掘更加安全高效的生物脱毒方式提供参考。     

不同氮效率型苜蓿氮素吸收差异与根系形态的关系及其对氮的响应

以高效型苜蓿（‘龙牧806’‘肇东苜蓿’）和低效型苜蓿（‘公农1号’‘陇东苜蓿’）为试验材料，采用营养液砂培法，在4个供氮量下（2.1，21，210和420 mg·L^-1），研究紫花苜蓿苗期氮素吸收、分配的氮效率型差异及其与根系形态之间的关系。结果表明高效型苜蓿品种的株高、地上生物量、根重、总根长和根体积均显著高于低效型品种（P<0.05）；供氮量较低时（2.1和21 mg·L^-1），高效型向根系分配了较大比例的氮素，而低效型则向地上部分配了较大比例的氮素，根系形态参数与总氮量呈显著正相关（P<0.05），且根重对氮素吸收的直接作用较大，直接通径系数是1.230和1.102。因此，在氮胁迫下，根系形态对氮吸收效率起重要作用，尤其是根系形态中的根重对其影响较大。     

5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

不同茶树品种聚硒能力研究

选取安康地区的6个主栽茶树品种,通过人工加硒的水培盆栽和土培盆栽试验,采用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定整株茶树叶片的硒含量,以便从中筛选出聚硒能力强的适栽茶树品种.结果表明:水培条件下的聚硒能力依次为:龙井43>中茶108>紫阳群体种>陕茶1号>乌牛早>龙井长叶;进一步对不同茶树品种进行土培验证,其聚硒能力依次为:中茶108>龙井43>紫阳群体种>陕茶1号>乌牛早>龙井长叶.结果表明,同一培养条件下,中茶108和龙井43聚硒能力相对较强,紫阳群体种和陕茶1号次之,乌牛早和龙井长叶相对较弱.本研究旨在为聚硒茶树品种的高效利用提供参考依据.     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛乳房性状的遗传参数估计和主成分分析

旨在评估宁夏地区荷斯坦牛乳房性状的遗传水平。本研究使用DMU（v6.0）软件的AI-REML模块结合EM算法并配合多性状动物模型对宁夏地区12 415头荷斯坦牛，包括111 735个观察值的9个乳房性状进行遗传参数估计，运用主成分分析法（PCA）探讨构象性状之间的关系。结果表明，宁夏地区荷斯坦牛乳房性状遗传力处于中等偏低水平，乳房深度遗传力值为0.242，乳房质地为0.080，悬韧带为0.183，前乳房附着为0.230，前乳头位置为0.231，前乳头长度为0.173，后乳房高为0.272，后乳房宽为0.378，后乳头位置为0.169。各性状遗传相关范围为-0.277~0.706，表型相关范围为-0.084~0.316。研究共筛选出特征值≥1的4个主成分，占总方差的64.19%，且9个乳房性状在前3个主成分中已全部体现，荷载系数均在0.4以上。本研究通过对宁夏地区奶牛DHI数据的深入挖掘和遗传参数估计，准确地把握了宁夏奶牛群体的结构特征，对于奶牛的选种选配和育种规划具有重要意义。     

新时代省级农业科学院信息公开调查研究

以省级农业科学院为研究对象,在深入调查研究省级农业科学院信息公开的现状后,分析了省级农业科学院信息公开方面存在的问题和不足,提出了进一步提高信息公开思想认识、优化公开平台建设、规范信息公开内容、健全信息公开长效机制等对策建议,以期为新时代省级农业科学院信息公开标准化规范化建设提供参考.     

Improvement,identification, and target prediction for miRNAs in the porcine genome by using massive,public high-throughput sequencing data

Despite the broad variety of available microRNA (miRNA) research tools and methods, their application to the identification, annotation, and target prediction of miRNAs in nonmodel organisms is still limited. In this study, we collected nearly all public sRNA-seq data to improve the annotation for known miRNAs and identify novel miRNAs that have not been annotated in pigs (Sus scrofa). We newly annotated 210 mature sequences in known miRNAs and found that 43 of the known miRNA precursors were problematic due to redundant/missing annotations or incorrect sequences. We also predicted 811 novel miRNAs with high confidence, which was twice the current number of known miRNAs for pigs in miRBase. In addition, we proposed a correlation-based strategy to predict target genes for miRNAs by using a large amount of sRNA-seq and RNA-seq data. We found that the correlation-based strategy provided additional evidence of expression compared with traditional target prediction methods. The correlation-based strategy also identified the regulatory pairs that were controlled by nonbinding sites with a particular pattern, which provided abundant complementarity for studying the mechanism of miRNAs that regulate gene expression. In summary, our study improved the annotation of known miRNAs, identified a large number of novel miRNAs, and predicted target genes for all pig miRNAs by using massive public data. This large data-based strategy is also applicable for other nonmodel organisms with incomplete annotation information.